Posts Tagged ‘reading to synthesize’
FORMS OF WRITING ASSIGNMENT
August 30, 2011 | 
Author During college years, we will often be asked to demonstrate our understanding of sources by writing summaries, evaluations, analyses, and syntheses. These thing make up the four forms of writing that are fundamental to college-level work. Each form emphasizes a particular way of thinking about texts, and each is built on particular skills in critical reading, which in turn will lead us to be a critical writer.
Forms of writing that build on reading that will make us a critical writer, are:
Summary.
When we summarize, we briefly and neutrally restate the main points of a text. Summary draws on our skills of reading to understand.
Evaluation.
When we evaluate, we judge the effectiveness of an author’s presentation and explain our agreement or disagreement. Evaluation draws on our skills of reading to understand, reading to respond, and reading to evaluate.
Analysis.
When we analyze, we use the clearly defined principles set out by one or more authors to investigate the work of other authors or to investigate various situations in the world. Analysis draws on our skills of reading to understand, reading to respond, and reading to evaluate.
Synthesis.
When we synthesize texts, we gather the work of various authors according to our purpose. Synthesis draws on our skills of reading to understand, reading to respond, reading to evaluate, and reading to synthesize.
READING TO SYNTHESIZE TECHNIQUE
Once we have understood, responded to, and evaluated a single source, we are in a position to link that source with others. By establishing links between one author and others (including ourselves), we achieve a synthesis, i.e. an integration of sources. Synthesis is the fourth and in some ways the most complex component of a close, critical reading, i.e. that will make us a critical reader and critical writer, because it requires that we read and understand all our source materials and that we respond to and evaluate each one.
We have four goals in reading to synthesize:
- Read to understand, respond to, and evaluate multiple sources on a subject, problem, or issue.
- Understand our own views on the subject, problem, or issue. Be able to state these views in a sentence or two.
- Forge relationships among source materials, according to our purpose. In a synthesis, our views should predominate. use the work of various authors to support what we think.
- Generally, try to create a conversation among sources. Be sure that yours is the major voice in the conversation.
Students find the following plan helpful when writing synthesis:
- Read, respond to, and evaluate multiple sources on a topic.
- Subdivide the topic into parts and give each a brief title.
- Write cross-references for each part.
- Summarize each author’s information or ideas about each part.
- Forge relationships among reading selections.
Posted in Critical Reading | 
Tags: critical reader, reading to synthesize, source materials, synthesis | 
No Comments »
BE A CRITICAL READER
Especially in college, our success as a writer will require that we be an effective reader. To be an effective reader, we have to try to develop habits of mind that prompt us to think critically about what we read. “Critical” in this sense does not mean negative, but rather active and alert. Critical habits include being alert to similarities and differences; posing questions; setting issues in broader contexts; and forming and supporting opinions. Developing the habits of a critical thinker will prepare you for working with the source materials on which we will base much of our writing.
Those habits mentioned above prepare us in a general way for thinking critically about what we see and hear. Noting differences, challenging and being challenged by sources, setting issues in a broader context, and forming and supporting opinions, these habits of mind, so important to thinking critically, do not necessarily lead to formal statements on our part about the materials we encounter.
When teachers and, later, employers ask that we read and use source materials as a basis for writing, we will need to formalize and systematize our critical thinking skills. A close, critical reading requires that we have the skills of reading to understand, reading to respond, reading to evaluate, and reading to synthesize as appropriate to our task.
To a greater or lesser extent, we will naturally mix into a single reading the tasks of reading to understand, to respond, to evaluate, and to synthesize. The goal of a close, critical reading is to make sure we perform these tasks well. To do so, even the most experienced readers find they must read a text or two more times. Reading and rereading are the habits that we must have to achieve the goal.